Article summary
Abstract
India is the second-largest contributor to global migrant labour, with the World Bank estimating that 11.4 million Indian migrants emigrated in 2010 alone. According to Government of India data, nearly 90% of the migrants worked in Middle Eastern (Gulf) countries. Rural-urban migration in India is rapidly emerging as a complex socioeconomic phenomenon, with structural factors such as economic disparities, inadequate employment opportunities, and environmental issues playing a crucial role. However, there are specific challenges involved in migration to the Gulf countries, including high recruitment fees, cultural differences, and short-term contracts. This study, which is mainly based on the primary empirical data, has explored the dynamics of rural migration and its varied impacts on livelihoods in Uttar Pradesh, India. For the research, the mixed method approach was used, combining qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussion to determine the main motives for migration. This includes seasonal manpower requirements, aspirations for better living conditions, opportunities for overseas employment and the negative effects of agricultural distress. This study adds to the academic debate on rural migration in India by highlighting the urgent need for targeted policy interventions. A multi-faceted approach is needed to address the structural determinants of migration and reduce the vulnerabilities faced by migrating communities..